Papers

A curated list of papers on Test-Time Training / Adaptation, inspired by the Awesome list format. This page gathers foundational and recent research focused on enabling models to adapt at test time to improve robustness under distribution shifts.

Figure 1: This plot shows the trend of citations per year for Test-Time Training and Test-Time Adaptation papers listed below. The dashed red line represents the projected citation count for the current year based on the citation trajectory so far. Overall, the visualization illustrates the increasing academic attention and influence of these methods over time.

Sort by: Citations (high to low) Trending 🔥 (citations last year) Year (newest first) Conference (A-Z) Title (A-Z)

TENT: Fully Test-time Adaptation by Entropy Minimization

Dequan Wang, Evan Shelhamer, Shaoteng Liu, Bruno Olshausen, Trevor Darrell

ICLR (2021)

paper | code

Citations: 1333 (🔥 Top Trending)

Test-Time Training with Self-Supervision for Generalization under Distribution Shifts

Yu Sun, Xiaolong Wang, Zhuang Liu, John Miller, Alexei A. Efros, Moritz Hardt

ICML (2020)

paper | code

Citations: 991 (🔥 Top Trending)

Efficient Test-Time Model Adaptation without Forgetting

Shuaicheng Niu, Jiaxiang Wu, Yifan Zhang, Yaofo Chen, Shijian Zheng, Peilin Zhao, Mingkui Tan

ICLR (2023)

paper | code

Citations: 381 (🔥 Top Trending)

MEMO: Test Time Robustness via Adaptation and Augmentation

Marvin Zhang, Sergey Levine, Chelsea Finn

NeurIPS (2022)

paper | code

Citations: 362 (🔥 Top Trending)

TTT++: When Does Self-Supervised Test-Time Training Fail or Thrive?

Yuejiang Liu, Parth Kothari, Bastien van Delft, Baptiste Bellot-Gurlet, Taylor Mordan, Alexandre Alahi

NeurIPS (2021)

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Citations: 331 (🔥 Top Trending)

Test-Time Classifier Adjustment Module for Model-Agnostic Domain Generalization

Yusuke Iwasawa, Yutaka Matsuo

NeurIPS (2021)

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Citations: 319

Towards Stable Test-Time Adaptation in Dynamic Wild World

Shuaicheng Niu, Jiaxiang Wu, Yifan Zhang, Zhiquan Wen, Yaofo Chen, Peilin Zhao, Mingkui Tan

ICLR (2023)

paper | code

Citations: 305 (🔥 Top Trending)

A Comprehensive Survey on Test-Time Adaptation under Distribution Shifts

Jian Liang, Ran He, Tieniu Tan

IJCV (2024)

paper

Citations: 249

Test-Time Training with Masked Autoencoders

Yossi Gandelsman, Yu Sun, Xinlei Chen, Alexei A. Efros

NeurIPS (2022)

paper | code

Citations: 191

Parameter-free Online Test-time Adaptation

Malik Boudiaf, Romain Mueller, Ismail Ben Ayed, Luca Bertinetto

CVPR (2022)

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Citations: 187

Learning to (Learn at Test Time): RNNs with Expressive Hidden States

Yu Sun, Xinhao Li, Karan Dalal, Jiarui Xu, Arjun Vikram, Genghan Zhang, Yann Dubois, Xinlei Chen, Xiaolong Wang, Sanmi Koyejo, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Carlos Guestrin

ICLR (2025)

paper | code

Citations: 90

MT3: Meta Test-Time Training for Self-Supervised Test-Time Adaption

Alexander Bartler, Andre Bühler, Felix Wiewel, Mario Döbler, Bin Yang

AISTATS (2022)

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Citations: 85

DELTA: Degradation-Free Fully Test-Time Adaptation

Bowen Zhao, Chen Chen, Shu-Tao Xia

ICLR (2023)

paper

Citations: 75

MECTA: Memory-Economic Continual Test-Time Model Adaptation

Junyuan Hong, Lingjuan Lyu, Jiayu Zhou, Michael Spranger

ICLR (2023)

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Citations: 41

Entropy is not Enough for Test-Time Adaptation: From the Perspective of Disentangled Factors

Jonghyun Lee, Dahuin Jung, Saehyung Lee, Junsung Park, Juhyeon Shin, Uiwon Hwang, Sungroh Yoon

ICLR (2024)

paper | code

Citations: 37

TTTFlow: Unsupervised Test-Time Training With Normalizing Flow

David Osowiechi, Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim, Mehrdad Noori, Milad Cheraghalikhani, Ismail Ben Ayed, Christian Desrosiers

WACV (2023)

paper | code

Citations: 32

ActMAD: Activation Matching to Align Distributions for Test-Time-Training

Muhammad Jehanzeb Mirza, Pol Jané Soneira, Wei Lin, Mateusz Kozinski, Horst Possegger, Horst Bischof

CVPR (2023)

paper | code

Citations: 30

Depth-aware Test-Time Training for Zero-shot Video Object Segmentation

Weihuang Liu, Xi Shen, Haolun Li, Xiuli Bi, Bo Liu, Chi-Man Pun, Xiaodong Cun

CVPR (2024)

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Citations: 24

Test-Time Training on Nearest Neighbors for Large Language Models

Moritz Hardt, Yu Sun

ICLR (2024)

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Citations: 21

The Surprising Effectiveness of Test-Time Training for Few-Shot Learning

Ekin Akyürek, Mehul Damani, Adam Zweiger, Linlu Qiu, Han Guo, Jyothish Pari, Yoon Kim, Jacob Andreas

arXiv (2024)

paper | code

Citations: 18

ClusT3: Information Invariant Test-Time Training

Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim, David Osowiechi, Mehrdad Noori, Milad Cheraghalikhani, Ismail Ben Ayed, Christian Desrosiers

ICCV (2023)

paper | code

Citations: 16

Test-Time Training on Video Streams

Renhao Wang, Yu Sun, Arnuv Tandon, Yossi Gandelsman, Xinlei Chen, Alexei A. Efros, Xiaolong Wang

JMLR (2023)

paper | code

Citations: 15

Evaluation of Test-Time Adaptation Under Computational Time Constraints

Motasem Alfarra, Hani Itani, Alejandro Pardo, Shyma Alhuwaider, Merey Ramazanova, Juan C. Pérez, Zhipeng Cai, Matthias Müller, Bernard Ghanem

ICML (2024)

paper | code

Citations: 15

NC-TTT: A Noise Constrastive Approach for Test-Time Training

David Osowiechi, Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim, Mehrdad Noori, Milad Cheraghalikhani, Ali Bahri, Moslem Yazdanpanah, Ismail Ben Ayed, Christian Desrosiers

CVPR (2024)

paper | code

Citations: 13

TEA: Test-time Energy Adaptation

Yige Yuan, Bingbing Xu, Liang Hou, Fei Sun, Huawei Shen, Xueqi Cheng

CVPR (2024)

paper | code

Citations: 12

MonoTTA: Fully Test-Time Adaptation for Monocular 3D Object Detection

Hongbin Lin, Yifan Zhang, Shuaicheng Niu, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li

ECCV (2024)

paper | code

Citations: 7

Efficiently Learning at Test-Time: Active Fine-Tuning of LLMs

Jonas Hübotter, Sascha Bongni, Ido Hakimi, Andreas Krause

ICLR (2025)

paper | code

Citations: 6